What Is Your Understanding of the Following Concepts; Present Value, Present Value of an Annuity, Future Value, and Future Value of an Annuity. (Please Describe Any Formulas Related to Each.)

Present Value is the present worth of a future aggregate of cash or stream of incomes given a predefined pace of return. Future incomes are limited at the rebate rate, and the higher the markdown rate, the lower the current estimation of things to come incomes. Deciding the suitable markdown rate is the way to appropriately esteeming future incomes, regardless of whether they be profit or commitments. Present Value of annuity is a progression of equivalent installments or receipts that happen at equitably dispersed stretches. Leases and rental installments are models. The installments or receipts happen toward the finish of every period for a conventional annuity while they happen toward the start of every period; For an annuity due. PVoa = PMT [(1 †(1/(1 + i)n))/i] Future Value is the estimation of a benefit or money at a predetermined date later on that is equal in an incentive to a predefined whole today. There are two different ways to ascertain FV: For an advantage with basic yearly premium: = Original Investment x (1+ financing cost *number of years)) 2) For a benefit with premium intensified every year: = Original Investment x ((1+interest rate)^number of years) Future estimation of annuity is the estimation of a gathering of installments at a predetermined date later on. These installments are known as an annuity, or set of incomes. The future estimation of an annuity quantifies the amount you would have later on given a predetermined pace of return or markdown rate. The future incomes of the annuity develop at the markdown rate and the higher the rebate rate, the higher the future estimation of the annuity. The present estimation of a lot of incomes later on, given a predefined pace of return or markdown rate. The future incomes of the annuity are limited at the markdown rate, and the higher the rebate rate, the lower the current estimation of the annuity.

ANSWER POST Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

ANSWER POST - Essay Example In such manner, I think this is a decent perspective, yet dependent on the way that the Indian clans had their inborn courts, I accept that Native Americans ought to likewise have their own courts in spite of the fact that they might be in struggle with the conventional American framework. The creator of this post proposes that in light of the fact that the American Criminal Justice framework is applied broadly the nation over, it turns into a sensitive issue to build up Native American court. In any case, the creator accepts that it is the privilege of Native Americans to have their own ancestral court framework, in spite of the fact that it might make it increasingly hard for the American equity framework. The creator likewise backs his case by utilizing a statement from NADCP that there are clashing qualities in America which we should all know about. I concur with the creator that the contrasts between various networks show some degree of development. In such manner, working innate court frameworks close by the American equity framework in spite of their contentions gives some development as far as acknowledging American decent varieties (Nielsen and Silverman, 2009). This post causes me to comprehend that we as a whole to reserve our options to maintain our custom s, and ancestral courts are the best courts to maintain such

Seeples Spotlight Tedros Abraham COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Seeples Spotlight Tedros Abraham COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Every semester the Office of Admissions welcomes new Program Assistants (PAs) to our team. Weve asked them to introduce themselves in the form of self-interviews for a real-life look at a current Seeple and how they ended up at SIPA and Columbia University. Today were introducing Tedros Abraham, a second-year MIA student from Boston concentrating in International Security Policy and specializing in International Conflict Resolution. At SIPA, his focus has been on nuclear non-proliferation and violent non-state actors. Before graduate school, he served as a legislative aide in the U.S. Senate with a portfolio encompassing foreign affairs, defense, intelligence, veterans’ affairs, and judiciary issues. Tedross experience working on the Iran nuclear deal was a central motivation for his graduate study of International Security Policy. Before working in the Senate, Tedros managed an 8th to 9th grade transition program in Portland, OR, first as an AmeriCorps member and later as full-time staff. Employing data-backed metrics, this program identified the students in 8th grade who were most likely to drop out of high school. This allowed for early  targeting of resources and interventions to these students before their high school careers began. Check back on Friday to meet our other new PA, Sebastian! SIPA Office of Admissions What experiences do you think prepared you to attend Columbia SIPA? I have been fortunate to work in multiple areas of public policy and at different levels of government. This exposure was critical in helping me develop a narrow focus while at SIPA. Four semesters does not offer a lot of time to explore a wide range of interests, and this time is further constrained by the graduation requirements. Bringing a narrowly defined interest allows students to build relationships with professors in that field, use their electives for relevant classes, and build up the academic background to improve their competitive advantage when looking for jobs after school. What do you hope to gain from earning a master’s degree at SIPA? I decided to pursue a master’s degree because I felt I had hit a professional ceiling. I knew that attending SIPA would bolster my subject area expertise, provide a professional cohort that would grow with me, and give me access to a faculty that would be able to provide me valuable guidance as I plan for my career. I have gained all of this and more. What I could not have predicted were the opportunities to meet and work with leaders. Did you have a lot of quantitative experience when you applied to SIPA?   While I had taken statistics and introductory economics in college, it had been over 10 years ago by the time I started at SIPA and I did not feel confident in my quantitative skills. To bolster my application and better prepare for the quantitative coursework, I took courses in calculus and microeconomics immediately before applying to SIPA. While I found the economics and quantitative analysis coursework challenging, there were significant resources available to help us. What attracted you to SIPA? I chose to attend SIPA because of the school’s academic reputation, the diversity of the student body, it’s New York location, and because of the access to the rest of Columbia University. It was initially difficult to pick between SIPA and its competitors but I now know I made the right decision. Any advice for applicants? By taking advantage of the information sessions and the opportunities to talk to current students, you can get a sense of the strengths and weaknesses in your application. By starting early, you can take classes to improve your quantitative background, retake standardized tests, or find ways to gain needed experience in your field.

Technology Has Changed The Way We Learn Essay - 1559 Words

Technology has indeed changed the way we learn. I was observing some kids doing their school work and I noticed that all of them had computers, laptops, tablets, or another kind of technology device with them. It made me think back on my elementary, middle, and high school days. I remember growing up without as much technology available as today, so most of the papers were hand written, I had to spend days at the library looking for the right sources, reading newspaper, magazines and books to find the information needed for determined assignment. All homework was based on books or any other printed form available, but never supposed to be done online. I am not from a family with much resources so technology came into my life little by little as my parents could afford. I did not have the newest devices and a high-speed Internet, and that was fine: it did not influence how good or bad my education was for technology was not a requirement, but it was more of a privilege. Technology beg an to be a big deal in my education when I started college in Brazil, around the year two thousand and ten, and now, it has a strong influence in my daily life. From socializing, to keeping in touch with my family in Brazil, staying up to date about news around the globe, checking the weather, traffic, work, and studying. Usually, all my school work is online: information about the classes I am taking, assignments, homework, and much more is supposed to be done using some kind of access device.Show MoreRelatedTechnology Has Changed the Way We Learn Essay1189 Words   |  5 PagesEvery day, no matter where you look technology is surrounding you. Technology can be found in our homes, at work, and in the classroom. It has forever shaped the way we take in new information unknown to us. More recently, technology has most influenced the way we learn through the use of computers, portable smart devices, and the Internet. 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They discussed both advantages and disadvantage of the impact of Digital technologies. This program suggests pessimistic perspective through this program. This program starts pessimistic perspective of technologies. Interviews and survey dat a conducted display digital multitasking strains attention spans, particularly among students. In addition, they question if technologies are helping improve learning cultureRead MoreTechnology : The Effects Of Technology And Society1283 Words   |  6 Pages The effects of technology with society has beneficial impacted the way we live. With technology is providing many advantages, but also it has some disadvantages it has on children and adults. There is little room for people that wish to live without technology, moreover than living the way they did in the old days. Technology has its advantages, it’s has changed the way people have communicated by email, social media, the way traveling has improved. Have you ever heard the saying ‘Children are bornRead MoreSocial Media And Its Impact On Society938 Words   |  4 PagesWhen you look at today’s society, you will see a world full of a quickly booming wonder: technology. With technology there is the option to be involved in what a lot of people know as social media. With the invention of web-sites such as Facebook, which is only about ten years old (Westwood), people all over the globe can connect with one another. This technology is exploding into more and more possibilities for the avid networking junkie. You can now send instant messages to all of your friends

The Battle Of Maritime Wars - 856 Words

Maritime wars took a noteworthy change amid the common war. On March 8 1862 the Confederates revealed a ship that would change maritime fighting everlastingly, making wooden body ship outdated. The Confederates set two layers of steel plate over the structure of the Merrimack, situated ten firearms along its side and included a smash her bow. This resilient ship in its first fight, in the harbor of Hampton Roads assaulted five Union boats. The Merrimack renamed the Virginia sank one Union boat, exploded another ship, and made a third run ashore. No shots could infiltrate her shield. The unexpected thing was the Merrimack was left to sink after the Union naval force cut gaps into it. The Virginia s grandness did not keep going long. She was a frigate that was surrendered by the Union naval force, and adjusted with steel by the Confederates naval force. She was a moderate boat controlled by two old motors. It took thirty minutes just to turn her around. Three months earlier from the assault at Hampton Roads harbor the Union naval force was building an iron clad boat they could call their own, the Screen. Composed by John Ericsson, this boat was assembled without any preparation in just three months. This boat included a spinning turret, had two eleven inch weapons and was controlled by an assistant steam motor. She was twice as quick as the Virginia and a great deal more flexibility. On March 9, the day after the triumph of the Virginia at Hampton RoadsShow MoreRelatedExplain The Economic Logic Underpinning Mahan’S Theory1104 Words   |  5 PagesEmpire, which included the history of the Second Punic War, Mahan emphasized the significant role that sea communications played in Rome’s victory. Additionally, he describes the relevance of different maritime campaigns in various battles that took place during the French and American revolutions. 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Since the AmericanRead MoreEssay about The Success of Operation Desert Storm and Shield825 Words   |  4 Pageson August 2nd 1990, Operation Desert shield was implemented by the United States on August 7th. Trying to deter Iraq from advancing farther into the country the U.S. began staging troops, equipment and other supplies needed to sustain a military in war time. Moving resources by air and sea the American armed forces presence was made known in the region with resources being staged in the allied countries of Saudi Arabia These later we mobilized initiating operation Desert Storm on January 17th 1991Read MoreCritical Reasoning And Battle Analysis Of Fort Wagner1426 Words   |  6 PagesCritical Reasoning and Battle Analysis of Fort Wagner The purpose of this narrative is to detail the battle of Fort Wagner during the Civil War. This focus explains the defeat of Union forces and how the implementation of intelligence assets may have resulted in Union victory. 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Although a great deal has been written about the war, the average American is only vaguely aware of why we fought or who the enemy was. Even those who know something about the contest are likely to remember only a few dramatic moments, such as the writing of â€Å"The Star-Spangled Banner,† the burning of the nation’s capital, or the Battle of New Orleans. Why is this war so obscure? One reason is that no great president is associatedRead MoreAthens V Sparta Geography1229 Words   |  5 PagesGreece. Many of these city-states grew independently, adapting to their physical surroundings. The two most famous of these poleis were Athens and Sparta. For example, Athens adapted to its access to the Mediterranean Sea by basing its economy on maritime trade. Sparta on the other hand was founded on a fertile region in center of Peloponnesus, which made them very xenophobic and military based. The geography was a key aspect that affected the Athenian and Spartan economy, foreign relationships,Read MoreThe War Of New Orleans Essay1254 Words   |  6 Pagesbody_americanperspective_warof1812_2.jpg The War of 1812 is probably our most obscure conflict. Although a great deal has been written about the war, the average American is only vaguely aware of why we fought or who the enemy was. Even those who know something about the contest are likely to remember only a few dramatic moments, such as the writing of â€Å"The Star-Spangled Banner,† the burning of the nation’s capital, or the Battle of New Orleans. Why is this war so obscure? One reason is that no

Case Texas Instrument Free Essays

RAISA AYU LESTARI 1091002047 Case 13. 4: Texas Instruments 1. Summarize the major features of Texas Instruments’ management systems. We will write a custom essay sample on Case Texas Instrument or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2. How does Texas Instruments ensure that its operating managers appropriately allocate their time between short term and long term? 3. Why do you believe the OST System worked so effectively for TI in the 70s? why was not working effectively for company in the mid-to-late 80s? 4. Would systems like these be appropriate in other organizations, such as Harvey-Hudson Electronics? What implementation problems would you foresee? ANSWERS: NO. 1 Texas Instruments (TI) is considered to be the pioneer of the American electronics industry. TI was first established in 1951 as an electronics company serving the American defense industry. In 1958, TI developed the first semiconductor integrated circuit. TI has three main lines of business in 1984: components, which included semiconductor integrated circuits, semiconductor subassemblies, and electronic control devices; digital products, which included mini computers, personal computers, scientific instruments, and calculators; and government electronics, which included radar system, missile guidance and control systems, and infrared surveillance systems. The major management system of TI is OST System, which is Objective, Strategies, and Tactics System. OST System is a system for managing change and innovation. The system was employed to define the strategies the company intended to follow for further growth and development and to identify the tactics required to successfully implement such strategies. The OST System can be more easily understood if viewed in three strategies: 1. Presentation of the hierarchy goals 2. Dual responsibility of line management 3. Impact of matrix organization composed of strategic and operating modes The other main management system of TI is resource allocation system. This system included planning cycle, strategic fund, operating fund, and timing f planning cycle. The next major management system of TI is incentive compensation system, which is included the Key Personnel Analysis and stock-option plan. Planning and control system on TI encourage the development of new product. Strategic planning systems are more critical to survive the uncertain environment. Budgeting systems are used as short term planning tools that are flexible to adapt to a fast-changing e nvironment. Reporting system are concentrated on policy issues. Performance evaluation system highlight the uncertainty in the environment. NO. 2 How to cite Case Texas Instrument, Essay examples

Patriots quarterbacks before Tom Brady Essays -

Patriots quarterback's before Tom Brady The first pats qb was Butch songin. Played qb at boston college. 2nd best passer rating in the league threw for 22 touchdowns and 15 interceptions. The next season the raider traded and the pats got babe paerlli. Next year Babe had to battle for the job for Tom Usick he and Brady are the only pats players to have punted thrown for a td pass caught a pass and run for a touchdown. In 1965 eddie Wilson made a start throwing 1 td and 3 interceptions Don trull made three starts throwing 1 td and 7 picks 1968 babe was gone and the worst qb battle was born mike Taliaferpo threw 4 tds and 15 picks with a 26.9 qb rating that season while tom Sherman when 1 and 6 throwing 12 tds and 16 interceptions with a 45.6 rating in 1970 joe capp signed with the pats after winning the raiders a superbowl. He became the worst qb in franchise history 3 tds to 17 picks. Joe plunkett drafted first overall in 1971 started all 14 games taking the team to 6 and 8 which was their best record since 1966. Struggled the next year behind a weak o line. Traded to the 49ers then ended up winning 2 superbowls with the raiders. Threw 62 td and 87 picks as a pat.

LIVE FROM SCHENECTADY essays

LIVE FROM SCHENECTADY essays One of the most important discoveries that has to do with communication is the television. The television opened a new world to people, especially ones that could not be at important events like Neil Armstrong landing on the moon. Today over 1 billion televisions can be found on earth. On a January afternoon in 1928 live from General Electrics radio laboratories in Schenectady, a man removes his glasses, and puts them back on, then blows a smoke ring. This was the worlds first television broadcast. It was broadcasted into three homes. On that afternoon GE's Swedish engineer, Ernst Alexanderson laid the foundation for one of the most powerful media in history. Ever since the invention of the radio in the early 1920's, the race had been on to combine and transmit sound with moving images. Two years before Alexanderson's demonstration, John Logie Baird used a mechanical scanner to transmit a flickering image of a human head. Four months after Alexanderson's transmission, the company was broadcasting images three times a week. Then in 1937 an electronic system using the cathode-ray tube was adopted by the BBC in England. The 1947 broadcast of the World Series got viewers attention of the growing impotance of TV. By the end of the 1950's, nearly 90 percent o f the U.S homes had at least one TV set. I think everybody in the world should own a television. Without the television people would not have witnessed many important events in history. For example, Neil Armstrong landing on the moon and Lee Harvey Alswald getting shot. The first cathode-ray reciever was invented in 1907, the first electronic camera in 1923, the first moving-picture transmition in 1925, first TV station in 1936, first news show in 1948, first color set in 1951, first videotape recorder in 1956, first communication satellite in 1962, and HDTV in 1998. In the future TV's will replace phones and hand-held ones will replace cell phones s...

12 Tips for Clipping Unnecessary Words

12 Tips for Clipping Unnecessary Words 12 Tips for Clipping Unnecessary Words 12 Tips for Clipping Unnecessary Words By Mark Nichol In workshops and in writing guides, the admonition â€Å"Use fewer words† is one of the cardinal rules. Although I resist the excision of allegedly superfluous adverbs and adjectives, I heartily acknowledge that many other parts of speech are often unnecessary. Here are other ways to reduce word count: 1. â€Å"The standards define the process to the mobile phone using two different methods for invocation.† Whenever you see the word different, consider whether it’s necessary. By default, it’s almost always not: For example, if two methods are described, they’re almost certainly by definition different: â€Å"The standards define the process to the mobile phone using two methods for invocation.† 2. â€Å"Currently, many of the digitized publications have not been properly paginated.† By the same token, currently is almost always superfluous; the context generally makes clear that the statement refers to the present. Again, when the default setting is obviously relevant, omit the word: â€Å"Many of the digitized publications have not been properly paginated.† 3. â€Å"Ethics, on the other hand, is future oriented, that is to say a present choice is based on a future desire, intent, or consequence.† For one thing, the phrase beginning â€Å"that is to say† is an independent clause; it should be separated from the preceding phrase by a semicolon: Furthermore, that four-word phrase is extraneous: â€Å"Ethics, on the other hand, is future oriented; a present choice is based on a future desire, intent, or consequence.† (Alternatively, a colon is usually correct.) 4. â€Å"That’s how the newspaper described a new credit card two entrepreneurs, Jon Doe and Jane Roe, will soon make available.† It’s obvious, not to mention trivial, how many entrepreneurs are involved. After the number is deleted, the appositive consists solely of the word entrepreneurs, so no punctuation preceding or following the names is required: â€Å"That’s how the newspaper described a new credit card entrepreneurs John Doe and Jane Roe will soon make available.† 5. â€Å"Low-income residents with leaking pipes can call out a plumber to fix leaks for free.† You are free to employ the idiomatic phrase â€Å"for free† in conversation and informal writing, but in your professional prose, omit the unnecessary for: â€Å"Low-income residents with leaking pipes can call out a plumber to fix leaks free.† 6. â€Å"This is the reason why the imposition of restrictions on fertility treatments requires extra caution.† â€Å"The reason† and why are interchangeable terms, so they are redundant to each other: â€Å"This is why the imposition of restrictions on fertility treatments requires extra caution.† 7. â€Å"Even if the state has the power to narrow down the population that is entitled to such treatment, it must exercise restraint.† The phrase â€Å"that is†- and its variant â€Å"that are† as well as â€Å"who is† and â€Å"who are†- is often superfluous: â€Å"Even if the state has the power to narrow down the population entitled to such treatment, it must exercise restraint.† 8. â€Å"This step gives both the patient and the physician the freedom to decide whether or not to enter into an agreement for medical treatment.† Whether implies a choice, so â€Å"or not† is extraneous: â€Å"This step gives both the patient and the physician the freedom to decide whether to enter into an agreement for medical treatment.† 9. â€Å"By signing the consent form, they manifested their intention to have a child and agreed to each and every stage of the treatment.† â€Å"Each and every,† and pals like â€Å"first and foremost,† are infections of bloviation from speechifying and have no place in written discourse (and won’t be missed if omitted from oration): â€Å"By signing the consent form, they manifested their intention to have a child and agreed to each stage of the treatment.† 10. â€Å"It is for this reason that medical treatment should not be administered to a patient without consent.† It is a weak way to start a sentence, and often a sign that the sentence can be tightened up somewhat: â€Å"For this reason, medical treatment should not be administered to a patient without consent.† 11. â€Å"The reason is that in some countries, genetic parenthood is the fundamental prerequisite for the application of family law.† The words that follow â€Å"The reason is that† comprise the explanation, so the phrase superfluous: â€Å"In some countries, genetic parenthood is the fundamental prerequisite for the application of family law.† 12. â€Å"His past history indicates that you should not count on him to adhere to his future plans.† This sentence opens and closes with redundant phrases; history is always in the past, and plans are always in the future: â€Å"His history indicates that you should not count on him to adhere to his plans.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Writing Basics category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Whimsical Words7 Patterns of Sentence StructureWhat the heck are "learnings"?

Sytems and operations management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Sytems and operations management - Case Study Example Some of the business models applied in operation management include the input-process-output and value chain models. Information systems refer to a group of interrelated parts, which collect, process and distribute information in order to enhance control and decision making in an organization (Lee, Shiba and Wood 1999, p. 145). In a case study of Blackberry Hill Farm in South England, various business models can be used to analyze the problems faced in their day-to-day activities. These models include the input-process-output model (IPO), value chain model and consumer direct models. The challenges to be analyzed involve balancing the performance of activities, reducing complexity of some operations, as well as, staff management. Operational management involves transforming resources to products and services (McKeown and Leitch 2003, p. 67). The operations in the Blackberry Hill Farm involve agriculture and tourism. The input resources include cattle, crops, mixed woodland, poultry and farm heritage exhibits. The transforming input resources include the facilities such as a farm and the work force (employees). The transformational processes include cultivation, bee keeping and tractor riding. Others processes include selling at farm shops and cafà ©, bakery, preserving kitchen, pick-your own operations, a nd securing the farms and the car parks, as well. The output products include the fruits, vegetables, dough nuts, satisfaction of visitors and more (Kachiru 2007, p. 231). Using the IPO model, one can analyze the challenges by classifying the operations in the farm. It is necessary to arrange and sort out the major and minor activities. Jim and Mandy, the core managers at Blackberry Farm Hill have focused much on agritourism. This may be because of the increased number of visitors reporting to the farm in the previous seasons. Also, due to the adoption of many operations aimed at attracting more visitors would have contributed to low performance in farming.

The extent to which the understanding of the history and development Essay

The extent to which the understanding of the history and development of business help in the understanding of business today - Essay Example The extent to which the understanding of the history and development of business helps in the understanding of business today depends on the effectiveness of economic policies instilled in the past. An examination of the history of some of the successful corporations reveals that most big companies were based on diversified groups. This is because they could take advantage of the economic scales easily because of the characteristics of the internal markets. It is also evident that authoritarian regimes helped in the development of businesses. This can help in the development of business today because it enables individuals make wise choices regarding the development of the economy (Trompenaar, and Wooliams, 2003). An understanding of the history behind the development of business helps in understanding of business today because the economic policies that were used in the past. This is because they ensured the restriction of imports and the growth of exports, which enhances the develo pment of businesses in terms of investments. It is evident that, in the past, companies did not pay attention on light labour intensive sectors. This is likely to help in the development of business today because the cost of labor will be low, causing the company to gain extra profits. History also depicts that there are governments that intervened by supporting private companies, therefore, enhancing the development of businesses. ... The development of business models has enhanced the establishment of businesses by enhancing businesses with architecture of value creation. An examination of the history of development of business reveals that the development of business ethics has also helped in enabling businesses adhere to their daily dealings. Business ethics help in the development of business by enhancing the interaction of businesses all over the world (Trompenaar, and Wooliams, 2003). How does the nature of globalization help in the understanding of business today? Globalization refers to the expansion of investments, trade and business interactions worldwide. The nature of globalization has helped in understanding business today in that it has enhanced prosperity for most businesses. Most people who support free trade claim that globalization enhances the creation of opportunities for businesses. It is thought that when a business is allowed to offer its resources to the global market place, then the busine ss is likely to improve. Globalization tends to increase competition resulting to the growth of businesses because of the development of new products (Hopkins, 2004).   Globalization has enhanced the development of business today because it not only increases the need for the acquisition of knowledge concerning cultural differences, but it helps in the establishment of cooperate cultures. History depicts that globalization has caused businesses to transfer experts from one country to another in an attempt to enhance the development of the business. Globalization helps in the development of the business because it enhances an understanding of the communication styles, cultural influences and the social behaviors of different societies. It has enhanced an

Literature Review of Reflexivity in Qualitative Studies

Literature Review of Reflexivity in Qualitative Studies Every research study needs to be contextualised, understood within the background and context of its place within the theoretical and practice spectrum (Fink, 2005). Nursing research, as with every other aspect of nursing practice, should be ethically sound (Carrick, 2000), and should also be founded within sound methodological principles and developed along the lines of evidence for practice. Within a primary research study such as this, the ability to understand the nature of the practice and evidence base of the study is very important, and there are two pre-existing spheres of theory which can support this. The first of these is the field of evidence-based practice, and the second is reflective practice, both of which contribute to the processes of critical thinking which are involved in research practice as much as they are in clinical practice. The combination of these two practices within this primary research study relates to the need to in-build a clear decision trail and map of the reflexivity involved in a qualitative approach to generating and analysing data. Reflection in nursing practice is an importnat component of ongoing professional development (Driscoll, 1994; Gustafson and Fagerberg, 2004), how it contribues to professional development is what concerns the author here. Processes of structured and purposive reflection on practice, and on learning and knowledge acquistion of development (Coutss-Jarman, 1993), contribute to the development of critical thinking skills which contribute to the processes of applying evidence to practice and assimilating knowledge into the wider schema which relate to nurses ways of knowing (Daly, 1998;Rolfe, 2005). Therefore, the author, being aware of the contribution of good reflection to a reflexive process of clinical learning and application of knowledge (Gibbs, 1988; Hargreaves , 2004), aimed to apply a similar critical and reflexive approach to the process of reviewing and critiquing the literature relevant to this research study. Although there are those who argue that reflection per se is a biased and often self-referential (Jones, 1995), this author would argue that reflexivity is a fundamental component of inductive processes of qualitative research practice, particularly in relation to the interpretation of data (Silverman, 2001). and therefore, set out to review the literature using a critical and reflexive approach, building in principles of reflection and critical thinking (Price, 2000), but applied to the relationship between the nurse as researcher and their burgeoning knowledge and understanding, as it feeds into their tacit and intellectual knowledge. Critical science within nursing is established as a means of developing critical thinking and analysis skills and incorporating multiple ways of knowing into the theory and practice domains (Fontana, 2004). Nursing research and the principles of theory generation intersect naturally with this kind of approach, because nursing research is, however abstract or applied, concerned with the improvement of nursing practice, one way or another (Freshwater and Bishop, 2003). It is also imperative that nurses who carry out research ensure that the research is of the highest possible methodological quality, so that it can be used as evidence for practice, or else it would not be ethical to carry it out, particularly if vulnerable people are being asked to participate (Hedgecoe, 2008; Carrick, 2000). Thus the author set out to ensure that the critical reflexive review of the literature was carried out to the highest possible quality, by combining the critical principles of research critique and evidence based practice with research searching skills. Therefore, the author structured the literature review as a means of both identifying relevant research and discussion or commentary on the research question, and critiquing the quality of that research as evidence for practice in its own right, as a means of taking a more rigorous and focused means of contextualising the research study and contributing to the ultimate process of theory generation. The focus of the literature review is literature available, and literature as evidence for practice, because this focus on evidence is part of the current trend towards quality of care (Elliot, 2000). All those involved in the provision of healthcare at a professional level are required to be able to identify and apply research for their sphere of practice (Rycroft-Malone et al, 2004), particularly if this evidence can improve practice. But for this, the nurse must be able to evalute the evidence in relation to methodological quality (Freshwater and Bishop, 2003; Hek, 2000; Elliott, 2001). Thus, to begin with, the author considered the kinds of research evidence available, fully aware that the scientific rationalist paradimg is considered to provide the highest quality of research for practice (Upshur, 2001; Sackett et al, 1996 ), but also fully espoused to the value of qualtative research in the evidence paradigm (Rycroft-Malone et al, 2004, Upshur, 2001; Stevens and Ledbetter 2000 ). A nurse evaluating research to feed into their own study needs to understand research methodology and practice, and to understand the principles of research critique and evaluation. A range of critiquing frameworks exist which provide useful insight into the quality and usefulness of research, as a foundation for developing the inteded reflexive critical review of the literature, such as the ones suggested by Cormack (2000), CASP (2004), Daggett et al (2005), Duffy (2005). These provide clear guidelines for the critiquing of both qualitative and quantitative research articles, as well as case studys and systematic reviews. The author proposes to develop a critiquing framework using a combination of these approaches, which feeds into the process of reflection so that the author will reflect on every step of the literature review whilst carrying it out, and modify their approach according to what that reflection brings to the surface. The aim, as stated earlier, is to use reflexivity to evaluate the evidence base for practice (Stevens and Ledbetter, 2000; Sackett et al, 1996). Evidence based practice is both a goal and a process, and therefore it could be argued that identifying the state of the evidence base is a fundamental starting point for the research project overall, not just an element of the required research process. This may be all the more important in this study because of the challenges of ensuring qualitative research is viewed as a valid contribution to theory and to practice (Cohen and Crabtree, 2008; Kearney, 2001). Thus the process of literature review is aimed at providing something which, on its own, will contribute to the evidence base for practice (Pepler et al, 2006), as well as providing the necessary critical, clinical and thoeretical context for the authors own study. Following on from the development of the critiquing model, with its in-built reflexivity, the author wil carry out an initial search of the literature using a set of key words and search terms that wil be developed using a brainstorming technique. Given the authors pre-existing knowledge of the topic, informed by the literature which was used to develop the research proposal, this brainstorming exercise is also an exercise in reflexivity. The author will then develop a short list of search terms to be used in isolation and in combination to search the available literature. The search will be carried out in all the relevant and available electronic gateways and search engines, including BNI; CINAHL; EMBASE; MEDLINE; Cochrane Collaboration; Science Direct; and Google Scholar. The author will also search online to look for guidelines and recommendations using the same search terms. As the search continues, the author will revise the search terms in response to the kinds of papers that are returned, keeping a record of these revisions, until they feel they have accessed all the relevant articles. Those deemed relevant to the study will be retrieved, and the most pertinent will be critiqued according to the model the author will have developed. The literature review will be presented in themes, but containing comparative analysis, and the author will ensure that, in order to fit in with the overall study, that there is a balance of qualitative and quantitative studies included.

Forgetting About Something Essay

Have you ever experienced forgetting about something? Like where did you put your pair of socks, where did you leave your car keys, or where did you put your pen? Did you ever wonder why or how this happens? For a period of three (3) days, I tried to observe myself. I used to forget where I put my door key. I realized that I have forgotten where my key in three different situations: – When I need to get out of the room – When something reminded me about keys like doors and door knobs, and – When I saw the usual spot for my room key and the key is not there. As I have researched, forgetting, also called as cue-dependent forgetting, is the failure to recall a memory due to missing stimuli or cues that were present at the time the memory is encoded. There are factors why retrieval of the memory fails. Usually, the information no longer exist in the mind that why a material cannot be found or cannot be recalled. Emotions also play a crucial role. The reason why I forget where I leave my key is that I am always in a hurry. And as I have observed, there are also reasons why I manage to remember where my key is. First, whenever I forgot where my key is, I am in a hurry to get out of the room and I cannot think properly where I last put my key. Then, I remember to recall where I put my key because I saw an object that reminds me of my key such as doors and knobs. Lastly, when I manage to relax for a while and see if I have got everything in order, I tend to look at the spot where I place my key. Being an important object or simply because it is a personal belonging, I have a list on my mind where my important things are. Concluding the activity, when someone is in hurry or feeling excited, the tendency to forget is very possible because there is so much going on with our minds. But once we take time to relax, recall, or back track our activities earlier, we can avoid retrieval failure on our memories. Reference Baddeley, A. D. (1997). Human Memory: Theory and Practice. Taylor and Francis Group.

Corruption Of The Law Enforcement - 2120 Words

Corruption in Law Enforcement Nicholas Colbert University of Texas at El Paso Corruption in Law Enforcement Corruption has always been a problem. From the beginning it was embedded into law enforcement. Corruption is not just a problem that affects a few people. In the long run many lives are affected and often ruined. There are many people in law enforcement that abuse their powers, but thanks to a few good people, everyone can enjoy having law enforcement agencies that really look after the people, execute their job functions, and try to better themselves as well as the agency they work for. Unfortunately, as technology changes, so will people. Corruption will never go away and when people in law enforcement are being corrupt,†¦show more content†¦Wardens served warrants and acted as detectives. They also recovered stolen property and did street patrol. Wardens typically were not liked by the people. It was quoted â€Å"Colonial law enforcement was inefficient, corrupt, and subject to political indifference.† (Walker, 1999) The cities quickly grew by the 1800s and had to find a better form of law enforcement. Sir Robert Peele then introduced municipal policing. He believed that the police should be organized and should be familiar with the neighborhoods they were to police. He felt that the officers should be humble and look presentable. Sir Robert Peele supported the territorial approach. By 1870, Peele’s strategy had spread to every major city in America. In the 1800s day watch systems were also established in some of these major cities. By the mid 1800’s both day and night systems were combined to provide protection all day. In the early 1900s there were many advancements to policing making it more professional. On July 26, 1908, the Federal Bureau of Investigation was formed and on March 16, 1909 they became official. During this time technology also had an impact on policing. Phone use, radios, and car patrol became common. The cities grew, policing have improved, but there was no centralized form of government. Small departments acted independently and the larger departments had smaller precincts that sometimes acted as small departments. The colonists did not want a centralized government because

Caudipteryx - Facts and Figures

Name: Caudipteryx (Greek for tail feather); pronounced cow-DIP-ter-ix Habitat: Lakesides and riverbeds of Asia Historical Period: Early Cretaceous (120-130 million years ago) Size and Weight: About three feet long and 20 pounds Diet: Plants Distinguishing Characteristics: Primitive feathers; birdlike beak and feet About Caudipteryx If any single creature has conclusively settled the debate about the relationship between birds and dinosaurs, its Caudipteryx. The fossils of this turkey-sized dinosaur reveal startlingly birdlike characteristics, including feathers, a short, beaked head, and distinctly avian feet. For all its resemblance to birds, though, paleontologists agree that Caudipteryx was unable to fly--making it an intermediate species between land-bound dinosaurs and flying birds. However, not all scientists think that Caudipteryx proves that birds descended from dinosaurs. One school of thought maintains that this creature evolved from a species of bird that gradually lost the ability to fly (the same way penguins gradually evolved from flying ancestors). As with all dinosaurs reconstructed from fossils, its impossible to know (at least based on the evidence we now have) exactly where Caudipteryx stood on the dinosaur/bird spectrum.